Four Cuban nationals, who participated in anti-government protests in Cuba, sought asylum in Lithuania via Belarus. Between March and April 2022, they attempted to cross the Belarusian-Lithuanian border but were repeatedly pushed back by Lithuanian border guards. They allege mistreatment, including threats of violence and denial of humanitarian aid. Despite an interim measure ordered by the European Court of Human Rights order preventing their expulsion, they were pushed back to Belarus. They re-entered Lithuania and applied for asylum but were detained without individual assessment. They claim violations of several articles of the European Convention on Human Rights, including the right to life, prohibition of torture, prohibition of collective expulsion, failure to comply with court orders, lack of effective remedies, and unlawful detention.

On 17 April 2024, the Chamber which had been allocated has relinquished jurisdiction in favor of the Grand Chamber of the Court.